radiolab smarty plants

I'm just trying to make sure I understand, because I realize that none of these conversations are actually spoken. If I want to be a healthy tree and reach for the sky, then I need -- I need rocks in me somehow. She took that notion out of the garden into her laboratory. Then we actually had to run four months of trials to make sure that, you know, that what we were seeing was not one pea doing it or two peas, but it was actually a majority. As abundant as what was going on above ground. JENNIFER FRAZER: In the little springtail bodies there were little tubes growing inside them. Or it could be like, "Okay, I'm not doing so well, so I'm gonna hide this down here in my ceiling.". They learned something. And we can move it up, and we can drop it. So they can't move. The idea was to drop them again just to see, like, the difference between the first time you learn something and the next time. It turns that carbon into sugar, which it uses to make its trunk and its branches, anything thick you see on a tree is just basically air made into stuff. But maybe it makes her sort of more open-minded than -- than someone who's just looking at a notebook. They somehow have a dye, and don't ask me how they know this or how they figured it out, but they have a little stain that they can put on the springtails to tell if they're alive or dead. That's the place where I can remember things. Radiolab More Perfect Supreme Court Guided Listening Questions Cruel and Unusual by Peacefield History 5.0 (8) $1.95 Zip Radiolab recently released a series of podcasts relating to Supreme Court decisions. And when you measure them, like one study we saw found up to seven miles of this little threading What is this thing? ROBERT: Let us say you have a yard in front of your house. And so on. JENNIFER FRAZER: Carbon, which is science speak for food. In the Richard Attenborough version, if you want to look on YouTube, he actually takes a nail And he pokes it at this little springtail, and the springtail goes boing! Picasso! What the team found is the food ends up very often with trees that are new in the forest and better at surviving global warming. But when we look at the below ground structure, it looks so much like a brain physically, and now that we're starting to understand how it works, we're going, wow, there's so many parallels. Then Monica hoists the plant back up again and drops it again. ROBERT: This happens to a lot of people. So these trees were basically covered with bags that were then filled with radioactive gas. And a little wind. And she says this time they relaxed almost immediately. MONICA GAGLIANO: I don't know. ROBERT: Inspector Tail is his name. So what does the tree do? But once again I kind of wondered if -- since the plant doesn't have a brain or even neurons to connect the idea of light and wind or whatever, where would they put that information? MONICA GAGLIANO: Or would just be going random? ROBERT: But Monica says what she does do is move around the world with a general feeling of ROBERT: What if? He shoves away the leaves, he shoves away the topsoil. When people first began thinking about these things, and we're talking in the late 1800s, they had no idea what they were or what they did, but ultimately they figured out that these things were very ancient, because if you look at 400-million-year-old fossils of some of the very first plants You can see, even in the roots of these earliest land plants And then later, scientists finally looked at these things under much more powerful microscopes, and realized the threads weren't threads, really. So Monica moves the fans to a new place one more time. The water is still in there. And it's more expensive. And it's more expensive. Because I have an appointment. I mean, it's just -- it's reacting to things and there's a series of mechanical behaviors inside the plant that are just bending it in the direction. Yes. LINCOLN TAIZ: I think you can be open-minded but still objective. JENNIFER FRAZER: So what do we have in our ears that we use to hear sound? Radiolab is supported in part by the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation, enhancing public understanding of Science and Technology in the modern world. And right in the middle of the yard is a tree. And then someone has to count. Like, the tree was, like, already doing that stuff by itself, but it's the fungus that's doing that stuff? Or even learn? What happened to you didn't happen to us. Today, Robert drags Jad along ona parade for the surprising feats of brainless plants. He uses it to train his border www.npr.org Before you begin to think that this is weird science, stop. Wait a second. So they might remember even for a much longer time than 28 days. ROBERT: So for three days, three times a day, she would shine these little blue lights on the plants. No, I actually, like even this morning it's already like poof! ROBERT: And some of them, this is Lincoln Taiz LINCOLN TAIZ: I'm a professor emeritus of plant biology at UC Santa Cruz. AATISH BHATIA: All right. It just kept curling and curling. They can go north, south, east, west, whatever. So Monica moves the fans to a new place one more time. ROBERT: So what they're saying is even if she's totally sealed the pipe so there's no leak at all, the difference in temperature will create some condensation on the outside. On the outside of the pipe. Fan, light, lean. And we can move it up, and we can drop it. Robert Krulwich. We were waiting for the leaves to, you know, stop folding. So it wasn't touching the dirt at all. And then all the other ones go in the same direction. It's okay, puppy. And she goes on to argue that had we been a little bit more steady and a little bit more consistent, the plants would have learned and would have remembered the lesson. I am the blogger of The Artful Amoeba at Scientific American. Nothing delicious at all. Or at the time actually, she was a very little girl who loved the outdoors. They're not experiencing extra changes, for example. I'm a research associate professor at the University of Sydney. Fan first, light after. Support Radiolab today at Radiolab.org/donate. And these acids come out and they start to dissolve the rocks. And so we are under the impression or I would say the conviction that the brain is the center of the universe, and -- and if you have a brain and a nervous system you are good and you can do amazing stuff. Wait. Enough of that! They still remembered. So we've done experiments, and other people in different labs around the world, they've been able to figure out that if a tree's injured ROBERT: It'll cry out in a kind of chemical way. LARRY UBELL: That -- that's -- that's interesting. Peering down at the plants under the red glow of her headlamp. ROBERT: Oh. ROBERT: To try to calculate how much springtail nitrogen is traveling back to the tree. ANNIE MCEWEN: What was your reaction when you saw this happen? Jul 30, 2016. Eventually over a period of time, it'll crack the pipe like a nutcracker. Except in this case instead of a chair, they've got a little plant-sized box. ROBERT: So it's not that it couldn't fold up, it's just that during the dropping, it learned that it didn't need to. We had a Geiger counter out there. SUZANNE SIMARD: And those chemicals will then move through the network and warn neighboring trees or seedlings. You got the plant to associate the fan with food. So it's predicting something to arrive. ROBERT: Monica's work has actually gotten quite a bit of attention from other plant biologists. ROBERT: Apparently, bears park themselves in places and grab fish out of the water, and then, you know, take a bite and then throw the carcass down on the ground. ROBERT: And look, and beyond that there are forests, there are trees that the scientists have found where up to 75 percent of the nitrogen in the tree turns out to be fish food. SUZANNE SIMARD: There's an enemy in the midst. It's a costly process for this plant, but She figured out they weren't tired. ROBERT: And then she waited a few more days and came back. ROBERT: This final thought. Salmon consumption. Hey, it's okay. What do you mean? And we dropped it once and twice. ROBERT: Huh. But white, translucent and hairy, sort of. [ANSWERING MACHINE: To play the message, press two. Yeah. And moved around, but always matched in the same way together. That's a -- learning is something I didn't think plants could do. JENNIFER FRAZER: These little soil particles. JENNIFER FRAZER: With when they actually saw and smelled and ate meat. Very similar to the sorts of vitamins and minerals that humans need. Would you say that the plant is seeing the sun? ROBERT: I think if I move on to the next experiment from Monica, you're going to find it a little bit harder to object to it. Picasso! Was it possible that maybe the plants correctly responded by not opening, because something really mad was happening around it and it's like, "This place is not safe.". Let him talk. Hi. No, I don't because she may come up against it, people who think that intelligence is unique to humans. So I'd seal the plant, the tree in a plastic bag, and then I would inject gas, so tagged with a -- with an isotope, which is radioactive. Again. It was like, Oh, I might disturb my plants!" And not too far away from this tree, underground, there is a water pipe. Oh. They definitely don't have a brain. And then Monica would ROBERT: Just about, you know, seven or eight inches. MONICA GAGLIANO: Light is obviously representing dinner. Like, why would the trees need a freeway system underneath the ground to connect? I'll put it down in my fungi. ROBERT: Had indeed turned and moved toward the fan, stretching up their little leaves as if they were sure that at any moment now light would arrive. So I think what she would argue is that we kind of proved her point. Now the plants if they were truly dumb they'd go 50/50. She took some plants, put them in a pot that restricted the roots so they could only go in one of just two directions, toward the water pipe or away from the water pipe. [laughs] When I write a blog post, my posts that get the least traffic guaranteed are the plant posts. I mean, I see the dirt. They all went closed. Like, as in the fish. And what we found was that the trees that were the biggest and the oldest were the most highly connected. So its resources, its legacy will move into the mycorrhizal network into neighboring trees. Robert Krulwich. Now, you might think that the plant sends out roots in every direction. It's yours." It seems like a no-brainer to me (pardon the unintentional pun) that they would have some very different ways of doing things similar to what animals do. I just listened to this Radiolab episode called "Smarty Plants". And it begins to look a lot like an airline flight map, but even more dense. Wait. LARRY UBELL: Yeah, and I have done inspections where roots were coming up through the pipe into the house. On the fifth day, they take a look and discover most of the roots, a majority of the roots were heading toward the sound of water. Because after dropping them 60 times, she then shook them left to right and they instantly folded up again. Or maybe slower? Isn't -- doesn't -- don't professors begin to start falling out of chairs when that word gets used regarding plants? Fan, light, lean. Oh, so this is, like, crucial. ROBERT: But it has, like, an expandable ROBERT: Oh, it's an -- oh, listen to that! LARRY UBELL: That -- that's -- that's interesting. Wait a second. And lignin is full of nitrogen, but also compounds like nitrogen is important in DNA, right? So for three days, three times a day, she would shine these little blue lights on the plants. Monica thought about that and designed a different experiment. say they're very curious, but want to see these experiments repeated. Now, can you -- can you imagine what we did wrong? You have to understand that the cold water pipe causes even a small amount of water to condense on the pipe itself. Is it ROBERT: This is like metaphor is letting in the light as opposed to shutting down the blinds. LARRY UBELL: That -- that would be an interesting ALVIN UBELL: Don't interrupt. They just don't like to hear words like "mind" or "hear" or "see" or "taste" for a plant, because it's too animal and too human. So there is some water outside of the pipe. ], [JENNIFER FRAZER: My name is Jennifer Frazer. No matter how amazing I think that the results are, for some reason people just don't think plants are interesting. It's almost as if these plants -- it's almost as if they know where our pipes are. Well, so what's the end of the story? ROBERT: Because this peculiar plant has a -- has a surprising little skill. I guess you could call it a mimosa plant drop box. This is Roy Halling, researcher specializing in fungi at the New York Botanical Garden. It's gone. No, I don't because she may come up against it, people who think that intelligence is unique to humans. And you don't see it anywhere. It was like -- it was like a huge network. So I don't have a problem. That is cool. ROBERT: So she takes the plants, she puts them into the parachute drop, she drops them. And again. Then we actually had to run four months of trials to make sure that, you know, that what we were seeing was not one pea doing it or two peas, but it was actually a majority. So no plants were actually hurt in this experiment. Picasso! I think there are some cases where romanticizing something could possibly lead you to some interesting results. ROBERT: say they're very curious, but want to see these experiments repeated. Like the bell for the dog. ROBERT: And that's just the beginning. Little white threads attached to the roots. And Basically expanding it from a kind of a column of a pit to something that's -- we could actually grab onto his front legs and pull him out. And then all of a sudden, she says she looks down into the ground and she notices all around them where the soil has been cleared away there are roots upon roots upon roots in this thick, crazy tangle. And again. I mean, this is going places. Radiolab - Smarty Plants . ROBERT: These sensitive hairs he argues, would probably be able to feel that tiny difference. And so we, you know, we've identified these as kind of like hubs in the network. Five, four, three, two, one, drop! JAD: So today we have a triptych of experiments about plants. And to me, here are three more reasons that you can say, "No, really! But it didn't happen. JENNIFER FRAZER: And this is what makes it even more gruesome. Start of message. MONICA GAGLIANO: So, you know, I'm in the dark. I don't know yet. ROBERT: They stopped folding up. ROBERT: So you think that that this -- you think this is a hubris corrector? SUZANNE SIMARD: This is getting so interesting, but I have ROBERT: Unfortunately, right at that point Suzanne basically ran off to another meeting. And not too far away from this tree, underground, there is a tree conversations are actually spoken I. 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